Investigate the thyroid function of radiation workers and analysis of influence factors / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To analyze the thyroid condition and influencing factors of radiation workers, and to provide scientific basis for radiation protection management. Methods: In April 2020, 4308 radiation workers from October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2019 were collected for occupational health examination in Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital, the data included basic information, Thyroid hormone level and thyroid color doppler ultrasound results. The thyroid status of radiation workers in different subgroups was compared. The influencing factors of Thyroid nodule were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: 616 radiation workers had abnormal thyroid gland (14.3%, 616/4308) . The main manifestations of thyroid gland abnormality were abnormal Thyroid nodule (5.1%, 220/4308) and abnormal TSH level (7.1%, 308/4308) . Compared with the male radiation workers, the abnormal rate of Thyroid nodule, T3 and Tsh in female radiation workers was higher (P<0.05) , and the abnormal rate of Thyroid nodule, T3 and T4 increased with the increase of working age (P<0.05) . Radiation Workers in non-rated medical institutions and private medical institutions had the highest detection rate of Thyroid nodule (P<0.05) , and there was no significant difference in thyroid abnormalities among Workers (P<0.05) . By multiple logistic regression analysis, Sex (female) , age and institution type (private) were all independent risk factors for Thyroid nodule (95% CI: 1.548~2.763、1.002~1.030, P<0.05) . Conclusion: Ionizing radiation can cause thyroid damage in radiation workers, so we should pay more attention to the radiation protection management of female, high age, private and district medical organizations, so as to protect the health of radiation workers.

Determinación de las características funcionales de los nódulos tiroideos mediante imágenes de medicina nuclear en pacientes que acudieron al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud - UNA, en el periodo 2016-2019 / Determination of the functional characteristics of thyroid nodules through nuclear medicine images in patients, who attended the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud - UNA, in the period 2016-2019

nuclear permiten visualizar la estructura y función de un órgano, tejido, hueso o sistema dentro del cuerpo, entre ellos la glándula tiroidea, la cual puede presentar un nódulo tiroideo y este es importante diagnosticar por su potencial malignidad. Objetivo: Determinar las características funcionales de los nódulos tiroideos en 183 pacientes que asistieron al Servicio de Medicina Nuclear del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud - UNA durante el período de noviembre del 2016 - noviembre del 2019. Metodología: Fue utilizada la gammacámara SPECT doble cabezal, siguiendo protocolo estandarizado, con administración de pertecnetato de sodio. Resultados: Se observó que la gran mayoría de los pacientes corresponden al sexo femenino 89%, así como que el 64% provienen de la capital y del departamento central; las patologías detectadas corresponden a bocio en 82%, 15% a nódulos (hipercaptantes, hipocaptantes y autónomos) y casos particulares de tiroiditis, tiroides ectópica y adenoma tóxico. La medicina nuclear está directamente involucrada tanto en el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento de la enfermedad tiroidea, por lo que se requiere una comprensión de la fisiopatología y el manejo de los trastornos de la tiroides, de manera a que las políticas de salud pública sean implementadas para el fortalecimiento de la lucha contra estas enfermedades. Conclusión: El trabajo de investigación realizado comprobó que un mayoritario porcentaje de participantes de sexo femenino (89%), con enfermedades tiroideas asistieron al IICS/UNA, y que la frecuencia de bocio entre la totalidad de pacientes que participaron de este estudio fué de 151/183 (82%), los pacientes provenían en su mayoría de hospitales de referencia del departamento Central y coinciden con la localización geográfica de los domicilios de los pacientes, quienes provenían principalmente del mismo departamento Central 118/183 (64%), no obstante también participaron del trabajo de investigación pacientes provenientes de otros departamentos del país. Palabras claves: Diagnóstico, medicina nuclear, tiroides, tecnología nuclear en salud, SPECT

Introduction: The images obtained by nuclear medicine allow to visualize the structure and function of an organ, tissue, bone or system inside the body, including the thyroid gland, which can present a thyroid nodule and this is important to diagnose for its potential malignancy. Objective: To determine the functional characteristics of the thyroid nodules were determined in 183 patients, who attended the Nuclear Medicine Service at the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud during the period of November 2016 - November 2019. Methodology: It was used the dual head SPECT gamma camera following a standardized protocol with administration of sodium pertechnetate. Result: It was observed that most of the patients corresponded to the female sex 89 %, as well as that 64% came from the capital and the central department. The pathologies detected corresponded to goiter in 82%, 15% to nodules (hypercaptant, hypocaptant and autonoms) and particular cases of thyroiditis, ectopic thyroid and toxic adenoma. Nuclear medicine is directly involved both in the diagnosis and in the treatment of thyroid disease, therefore it requires an understanding of the pathophysiology and management of thyroid disorders in order that public health policies are implemented for strengthening the fight against these diseases. Conclusion: The research carried out showed that a majority percentage of female participants (89%), with thyroid diseases attended IICS / UNA, and the frequency of goiter among all patients who participated in this study was 151/183 ( 82%), the patients mostly they came the reference hospitals in the Central department and coincide with the geographic location of the patients' homes, who tested mainly from the same Central department 118/183 (64%), also participate in the research work patients from other departments of the country. Keywords: Diagnosis, nuclear medicine, thyroid, health technology, SPECT.

Association between metabolic syndrome and euthyroid nodular goiter: a case-control study / Asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y el bocio nodular eutiroideo: un estudio de casos y controles

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and abdominal obesity; its pathophysiologic basis, insulin resistance, has been shown to act as agent in thyroid cell proliferation. Few studies analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodular disease, with a substantial knowledge gap. Objective: Determine the association between metabolic syndrome and nodular thyroid disease in a region with adequate iodine intake. Methods: Case-control study. A total of 182 patients referred to radiology to undergo thyroid ultrasonography due to suspicion of thyroid disease. Cases had at least one thyroid nodule greater than 3 mm (n= 91). Controls did not have evidence of thyroid nodules (n= 91). Results: Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of thyroid nodule (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Low levels of HDL (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.10 to 3.78, p <0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of thyroid nodule, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome. Multivariate analysis maintained the association between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodule with an OR of 2.96 (95%CI 1.47 to 5.95, p <0.05); similarly, the associations of low levels of HDL (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.44 to 5.3, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.14 to 4.34, p<0.05) with thyroid nodule remained significant. Conclusion: The thyroid nodular disease is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, specifically decreased HDL and impaired fasting glucose levels were the factors that increased association was found.

Resumen Antecedentes: el síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anormalidades metabólicas y obesidad abdominal; Se ha demostrado que su base fisiopatológica, la resistencia a la insulina, actúa como agente en la proliferación de las células tiroideas. Pocos estudios analizan la relación entre el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad nodular tiroidea, con una brecha de conocimiento sustancial. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad tiroidea nodular en una región con una ingesta adecuada de yodo. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles. Un total de 182 pacientes remitidos a radiología para someterse a una ecografía tiroidea debido a la sospecha de enfermedad tiroidea. Los casos tenían al menos un nódulo tiroideo mayor de 3 mm (n = 91). Los controles no tenían evidencia de nódulos tiroideos (n = 91). Resultados: El análisis bivariado mostró una asociación significativa entre el síndrome metabólico y la presencia de nódulo tiroideo (OR 2.56, IC 95%: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Los niveles bajos de HDL (OR 2.81, IC 95%: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) y glucosa en ayunas alterada (OR 2.05, IC 95% 1.10 a 3.78, p <0.05) se asociaron significativamente con la presencia de nódulo tiroideo, independiente de la presencia de síndrome metabólico. El análisis multivariado mantuvo la asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y el nódulo tiroideo con un OR de 2.96 (IC 95% 1.47 a 5.95, p <0.05); de manera similar, las asociaciones de niveles bajos de HDL (OR 2.77, IC 95% 1.44 a 5.3, p <0.05) y glucosa en ayunas alterada (OR 2.23, IC 95% 1.14 a 4.34, p <0.05) con nódulo tiroideo permanecieron significativas. Conclusión: la enfermedad nodular tiroidea se asocia con un mayor riesgo de síndrome metabólico, específicamente la disminución de HDL y los niveles de glucosa en ayunas alterados fueron los factores que aumentaron la asociación.

Modelo ambulatorial de atendimento de nódulo de tireoide / Ambulatory care model thyroid nodule

A prevalência de detecção de nódulos na tireoide através da palpação é de aproximadamente 5%. Essa prevalência sobe para 19 a 67% quando utilizada a avaliação ecográfica. A importância da avaliação clínica dessa entidade está na necessidade de diagnosticar o câncer de tireoide que ocorre em 5 a 10% dos casos. O relato descreve o perfil dos atendimentos realizados no ambulatório de nódulos de tireoide do Hospital Municipal Dr. Mário Gatti no período de 01/05/17 a 27/07/18 de pacientes que tiveram diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de nódulo de tireoide e realizaram punção aspirativa por agulha fina, a fim de inferir a respeito da capacidade de resolutividade do ambulatório interdisciplinar (endocrinologia e cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço) no diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer de tireoide. A organização do ambulatório com atendimento integral e por equipe multidisciplinar, possibilita uma melhora na qualidade assistencial além de ser elemento facilitador para o ensino, aprendizado e pesquisa. (AU)

The rate of thyroid node detection by touch is approximately 5%. This rate goes up to a range between 19 and 67% when a sonographic evaluation is used. The importance of the clinical evaluation of those thyroid nodes is within the need of diagnosing the cancer that occurs in 5 to 10% of the cases. This paper describes the profile of consultations performed at the Outpatient Clinic Thyroid Node Unit of the Municipal Hospital Dr. Mário Gatti (HMMG) from 01/05/17 to 07/27/18, of patients who had ultrasonographic diagnostics of thyroid node and underwent fine-needle aspiration, in order to draw conclusions about the capacity of the interdisciplinary clinic (Endocrinology and Head and Neck surgery) to diagnose and treat thyroid cancer effectively. The organization of the outpatient clinic, with comprehensive care and multidisciplinary team, enables an improvement in medical assistance as well as facilitating teaching, learning and research. (AU)

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Graves’ disease / Nódulos tiroidianos e câncer de tiroide na doença de Graves

Objective The frequency of thyroid nodules accompanying Graves’ disease and the risk of thyroid cancer in presence of accompanying nodules are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of thyroid nodules and the risk of thyroid cancer in patients operated because of graves’ disease. Subjects and methods Five hundred and twenty-six patients in whom thyroidectomy was performed because of Graves’ disease between 2006 and 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients who had received radioactive iodine treatment and external irradiation treatment in the neck region and who had had thyroid surgery previously were not included in the study. Results While accompanying thyroid nodule was present in 177 (33.6%) of 526 Graves’ patients, thyroid nodule was absent in 349 (66.4%) patients. Forty-two (8%) patients had thyroid cancer. The rate of thyroid cancer was 5.4% (n = 19) in the Graves’ patients who had no nodule, whereas it was 13% (n = 23) in the patients who had nodule. The risk of thyroid cancer increased significantly in presence of nodule (p = 0.003). Three patients had recurrence. No patient had distant metastasis. No patient died during the follow-up period. Conclusions Especially Graves’ patients who have been decided to be followed up should be evaluated carefully during the follow-up in terms of thyroid cancer which may accompany. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):933-8 .

Objetivo A frequência da ocorrência de nódulos tiroidianos acompanhando a doença de Graves e o risco de câncer de tiroide na presença desses nódulos é controversa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência de nódulos tiroidianos e o risco de câncer de tiroide em pacientes operados por doença de Graves. Sujeitos e métodos Quinhentos e vinte e seis pacientes anteriormente submetidos à tiroidectomia por doença de Graves entre 2006 e 2013 foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Os pacientes que receberam tratamento com iodo radioativo e irradiação externa da região do pescoço e que anteriormente passaram por cirurgia de tiroide não foram incluídos no estudo. Resultados Enquanto os nódulos de tiroide se apresentaram em 177 (33,6%) dos 526 pacientes com doença de Graves, eles estiveram ausentes em 349 (66,4%) pacientes. Um total de 42 (8%) dos pacientes teve câncer de tiroide. A ocorrência de câncer de tiroide foi 5,4% (n = 19) nos pacientes com doença de Graves que não apresentaram nódulos, e 13% (n = 23) nos pacientes com nódulos. O risco de câncer de tiroide aumentou significativamente na presença de nódulos (p = 0,003). Três pacientes apresentaram recidivas. Nenhum paciente apresentou metástase distante e nenhum paciente veio a óbito durante o período de acompanhamento. Conclusões Pacientes com doença de Graves devem ser avaliados cuidadosamente no acompanhamento para a possível ocorrência de câncer de tiroide. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):933-8 .

Prevalencia y caracterización de la enfermedad tiroidea nodular y del bocio difuso en un área urbana / Prevalence and characterization of the thyroid nodule and the diffuse goiter in an urban area

Introducción: La enfermedad tiroidea nodular constituye un problema de salud en la población adulta por su alta prevalencia. Su diagnóstico se ha favorecido en las últimas décadas como consecuencia de la realización del ultrasonido del tiroides. La provincia de Sancti Spíritus, no disponía de investigaciones previas para analizar la problemática de esta enfermedad y del bocio difuso en las personas adultas, por lo que un estudio de prevalencia se realizó en la ciudad de Jatibonico. Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de la enfermedad tiroidea nodular y del bocio difuso en la población adulta de 3 consultorios del área urbana de Jatibonico; así como precisar en las personas con enfermedad tiroidea nodular y con bocio difuso, sus antecedentes personales y familiares, el cuadro clínico de presentación, los signos ultrasonográficos y el valor de la hormona estimulante del tiroides. Métodos: el universo de estudio lo constituyó una población de 18 años o más de edad de ambos sexos, pertenecientes a 3 consultorios escogidos al azar del área urbana de Jatibonico (n= 6 126 personas). La muestra estimada para un intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento fue de 337 personas, y se logró encuestar a 405 sujetos. A la totalidad se les realizó un ultrasonido del tiroides. A 277 personas se les determinó la hormona estimulante del tiroides. Las personas fueron clasificadas con y sin enfermedad tiroidea; y a su vez, esta última, fue subclasificada en enfermedad tiroidea nodular y bocio difuso. Resultados: la prevalencia de la enfermedad tiroidea en la población estudiada fue de 41,97 por ciento (IC- 95 por ciento: 37,17-46,77 por ciento). Al individualizarla, la enfermedad tiroidea nodular se halló en el 36,79 por ciento (IC- 95 por ciento: 32,09-41,48 por ciento) y el bocio difuso en el 5,18 por ciento (IC- 95 por ciento: 3,02-7,33 por ciento) respectivamente. Los pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea, en su mayoría, se manifestaban asintomáticos (85,3 por ciento) y se distribuyeron en todos los grupos de edades, pero con un ligero predominio en las féminas. La hormona estimulante del tiroides elevada (32,85 por ciento) y subnormal (7,58 por ciento) se constataron en los pacientes estudiados. Conclusión: en la población estudiada, la prevalencia de la enfermedad tiroidea nodular fue mayor que la del bocio difuso(AU)

Introduction: Thyroid nodule disease is a health problem in the adult population due to its high incidence. The diagnosis has improved in the last few decades as a result of the thyroid computer tomography. Previous research studies to analyze the situation of this disease and of diffuse goiter in the adult population did not exist in Sancti Spiritus province, so the prevalence study was conducted in Jatibonico city. Objective: to determine the prevalence of the thyroid nodule disease and of diffuse goiter in the adult populations from 3 physician's offices located in Jatibonico urban area as well as to determine the personal and family histories, the clinical picture of presentation, the ultrasonographic signs and the value of the thyroid-stimulating hormone in those people with thyroid nodule and diffuse goiter. Methods: the universe of study was an 18 years-old and over population of both sexes from 3 randomly selected physician's offices located in the urban area of Jatibonico (n= 6 126 people). The estimated sample for 95 % confidence interval was 337 persons and a total number of 405 individuals were surveyed. All of them were performed thyroid computer tomography. The thyroid-stimulating hormone was detected in 277 people. They were then classified into subjects having and not having the disease, and at the same time, there was sub-classification into thyroid nodule disease and diffuse goiter. Results: the prevalence of thyroid disease in the studied population was 41.97 percent (CI- 95 percent: 37.17-46.77 percent). The sub-classification yielded the presence of thyroid nodule disease in 36.79 percent of subjects (CI- 95 percent: 32.09-41.48 percent) and of diffuse goiter in 5.18 percent (CI- 95 percent: 3.02-7.33 percent), respectively. The majority of patients suffering from this disease was asymptomatic (85.3 percent) and distributed into all the age groups, with slight predominance of females. The high (32.85 percent) and the subnormal (7.58 percent) thyroid-stimulating hormones were detected in the studied patients. Conclusions: in the study population, the prevalence of the thyroid nodule disease was higher than that of the diffuse goiter(AU)

Frequency of various types of neoplasia in a group of acromegalic patients / Frequência de neoplasia de diversos tipos em um grupo de pacientes acromegálicos

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of colon cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, thyroid tumor, and skin cancer in all acromegalic patients in follow-up at the Clinics Hospital - Botucatu Medical School, from 2005 to 2011. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: These patients were evaluated retrospectively for colon cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, dermatological, and thyroid tumors. RESULTS: Of 29 patients included at the beginning of the study, two were excluded. Among 19 patients submitted to colonoscopy, one presented colon adenocarcinoma (5%). Thyroid nodules were present in 63% of patients, and papilliferous carcinoma was confirmed in two patients (7,7%). Four patients were confirmed as having primary hyperparathyroidism (15%). The most common dermatologic lesions were thickened skin (100%), acrochordons (64%), epidermal cysts (50%), and pseudo-acanthosis nigricans (50%). Only one patient presented basal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Although a small number of acromegalic patients was studied, our findings confirm the high frequency of thyroid neoplasias and primary hyperparathyroidism in this group of patients.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de câncer de cólon, hiperparatireoidismo primário, tumores de tireoide e pele em todos os acromegálicos em seguimento no Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu de 2005 a 2011. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Esses pacientes foram avaliados retrospectivamente quanto a presença de câncer de cólon, hiperparatiroidismo primário, tumores da tiroide e pele. RESULTADOS: Dos 29 pacientes incluídos no início do estudo, dois foram excluídos. Dentre os 19 pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia, um apresentou adenocarcinoma de cólon (5%). Nódulos de tireoide estiveram presentes em 65% dos pacientes e carcinoma papilífero, em dois deles (7,7%). Quatro pacientes apresentaram hiperparatireoidismo primário (15%). A maioria das lesões de pele foram: espessamento (100%), acrochordons (64%), cistos epidérmicos (50%), pseudoacantose nigricans (50%) e apenas um paciente apresentou carcinoma basocelular. CONCLUSÃO: O tamanho da amostra é pequeno, mas nossos achados confirmam a alta frequência da neoplasia da tireoide e hiperparatireroidismo neste grupo de pacientes.

Prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodular disease in patients with class III obesity / Prevalência de bócio e doença nodular tireoidiana em pacientes com obesidade grau III

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of goiter and nodular disease in patients with class III obesity, and to correlate results with serum leptin levels and insulin resistance (IR) parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed to assess thyroid ultrasound (US) patterns, HOMA-IR, serum leptin, and TSH levels in obese patients and controls. RESULTS: Thyroid volume was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.240, p = 0.039) and with HOMA-IR (r = 0.329; p < 0.01). Thyroid US patterns were similar between groups. However, when data from the male group was considered, greater thyroid volume was detected in the obese group compared with controls (10.8 vs. 8.5 cm³; p = 0.04). Also, nodules were more frequently detected (67% vs. 18%), as were nodules requiring FNAB (33.3% vs. 0%, p ≥ 0.05-0.09), in this group. CONCLUSION: Although IR did not correlate directly with the presence of nodules, the results support the hypothesis of a direct association between insulin resistance and thyroid volume.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de bócio e doença nodular tireoidiana em pacientes com obesidade grau III e correlacionar os resultados com os níveis de leptina e parâmetros de resistência à ação da insulina (RI). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional foi desenvolvido realizando ultrassonografia (US) tireoidiana e níveis séricos de HOMA-IR e TSH nos pacien­tes obesos e nos controles. RESULTADOS: Volume tireoidiano foi positivamente correlacionado com índice de massa corporal (IMC) (r = 0,240, p = 0,039) e com HOMA (r = 0,329; p < 0,01). Volume tireoidiano e prevalência de doença nodular tireoidiana foram similares entre os grupos. Quando avaliado o subgrupo masculino, maiores volumes tireoidianos foram detectados no grupo dos obesos comparados aos controles (10,8 vs. 8,5 cm³; p = 0,04), nódulos foram mais frequentes (67% vs. 18%), assim como nódulos com indicação de punção (33,3% vs. 0%, p ≥ 0,05-0,09). CONCLUSÃO: Embora RI não se correlacione diretamente com a presença de nódulos, os resultados suportam a hipótese da direta associação entre resistência à ação da insulina e volume tireoidiano.

Prospective Observation of 5-Year Clinical Course of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Korean Population

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common clinical condition, whereas it's natural course has not been identified distinctly. We evaluated the natural history of 169 SCH patients over 5-yr and the prognostic factors including thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid ultrasonographic (USG) findings related to develop overt hypothyroidism. After 5 yr, 47.3% of patients showed normalization of TSH, while 36.7% of patients remained persistence of high level of TSH, and overt hypothyroidism developed in 11.2% of patients. There were painless thyroiditis (2.9%) and hyperthyroidism (1.7%) during 5 yr follow-up. The thyroid nodule was seen in 48.6% of patients. Most of patients had 1 to 2 nodules whereas only 3% of patients with thyroid nodule had more than 6 nodules. Overt hypothyroidism patients had more heterogenous echogenecity in USG compared to patients with normalization or persistent SCH (76.5% vs 50.0% vs 35.0%, P = 0.048) and higher prevalence positive anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO Ab) and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg Ab) and titer of anti-TPO Ab than other two groups. The cut off values for prediction of overt hypothyroidism were TSH > 7.45 microIU/mL, free T4 560 IU/mL. SCH has various courses and initial TSH, free T4, presence of thyroid autoantibody, titer of thyroid autoantibody; and thyroid USG findings can serve as a prognostic factor for progression of overt hypothyroidism. These parameters suggest consideration to initiate thyroid hormone treatment in SCH.

Actualización de la conducta diagnóstica en el nódulo de tiroides / Updating on diagnostic behavior in thyroid nodule

En los últimos años la frecuencia diagnóstica del nódulo de tiroides se ha incrementado, y constituye una de las entidades de mayor asistencia en las consultas de endocrinología en nuestro país. A pesar de no existir cambios en el diagnóstico diferencial de acuerdo con el estado funcional del nódulo, sí se han incorporado algunos elementos diagnósticos útiles para identificar mejor el riesgo de malignidad de la lesión. El ultrasonido aporta nuevos datos y aparecen estudios novedosos como la elastografía. El objetivo de esta actualización es rememorar algunos criterios sobre el diagnóstico del nódulo tiroideo, así como plantear los aspectos que tienen un nivel de evidencia científica reconocida en la actualidad. Puede servir como guía de trabajo para contribuir a una racional y óptima toma de decisiones en el paciente con un nódulo de tiroides(AU)

In past years the diagnostic frequency of thyroid nodule increased and it is one of entities of more attendance to Endocrinology consultations in our country. Despite there are not changes in differential diagnosis according to the nodule functional status, certainly some useful diagnostic elements have been incorporated to identify better the malignancy risk of lesion. The ultrasound (US) provides new data and to appear novel studies e g the elastography. The objective of present updating is to remember some criteria on the diagnosis of thyroid nodule, as well as to propose the features with a recognized scientific evidence at present time. May to be a working guide to contribute to a rational and optimal decision-making in the patient presenting with a thyroid nodule(AU)

Incidentalomas en patología del tiroides / Frecuency and characteristics of thyroid incidentalomas

Introducción: La realización de la Ultrasonografía de alta resolución ha hecho posible la detección de pequeños nodulos tiroideos asintomáticos. El incidentaloma tiroideo con una frecuencia entre el 1,5 al 10 por ciento, ha originado el dilema de cómo deben ser tratados1,2. Objetivos: Determinar su incidencia, las características clínicas y ultrasonográficas, así como el manejo más apropiado cuando se detectan incidentalmente nodulos tiroideos benignos o malignos igual o menores de 1,0 cm. Material y Método: Se realizó la revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas en 817 pacientes tratados por patología tiroidea entre 1984 y 2007. Resultados: La prevalencia del incidentaloma tiroideo fue del 8,44 por ciento. El porcentaje de malignidad fue del 27,54 por ciento. Entre los incidentalomas tiroideos benignos o malignos, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación con la edad, número, tamaño, y en las pruebas de función tiroidea, o gammagrafía con Tc99. Las características al ultrasonido de ecoestructura sólida, márgenes irregulares, o presencia de calcificaciones resultaron significativas en la detección de incidentalomas tiroideos malignos (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio entre los nodulos tiroideos benignos o malignos menores de 1,0 cm; sin embargo, los hallazgos reportados al ultrasonido pueden servir de base en la elección de la mejor decisión en cuanto a las estrategias a seguir para su óptima conducción.

Background: High-resolution ultrasonography deteets asymptomatic small thyroid nodules. These so called thyroid incidentalomas have created a clinical dilemma about their proper management. Aim: To report the incidence, clinical features and management of thyroid nodules of less than 1 cm diameter, detected incidentally on ultrasound. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of 817 patients admitted to a surgical ward for the management of a thyroid nodule. The frequency, and characteristics of incidentalomas, defined as nodules of less than 1,5 cm diameter detected incidentally, was studied. Results: Sixty nine patients (8,4 percent) had an incidentaloma. Of these 19 (27 percent) were malignant. There were no significant differences in age, nodule size and number, thyroid function tests, and Tc99 thyroid scans between benign and malignant incidentalomas. On ultrasound examination, a solid echo-structure, irregular margins, and the presence of calcifications were more common in malignant incidentalomas (p < 0,05). Conclusions: In this series, 8 percent of patients had an incidentaloma and the frequency of malignaney among these lesions was 27 percent. Ultrasound examination can be useful to differentiate between benign and malignant nodules.

Facteurs predilectifs de la malignite d'un nodule thyroidien

Buts : etudier les facteurs predictifs de malignite des nodules thyroidiens et comparer nos resultats a ceux de la litterature. Patients et methodes : Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective a propos de 282 cas de nodules thyroidiens operes a l' hopital de Mahdia entre 1988 et 2003. Resultats : L'age moyen etait de 44 ans. Le risque de malignite des nodules thyroidiens etait de 15;6 . Ce risque etait plus important chez les hommes (50) que chez les femmes (13;3). Certains facteurs etaient hautement predictifs de malignite comme l'age superieur a 60 ans; les signes de compression; les adenopathies cervicales et le caractere fixe et dure du nodule thyroidien Conclusion : Certains signes cliniques et para cliniques ont une grande valeur en matiere de benignite ou de malignite des nodules thyroidiens

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica dos nódulos tireóideos: comparação com exame citológico e histopatológico / Ultrasonographic evaluation of thyroid nodules: comparison with cytologic and histologic diagnosis

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a nossa classificação ultra-sonográfica dos nódulos tireóideos, baseada na ecoestrutura, ecogenicidade, calcificação, contornos e análise do restante do parênquima. De janeiro de 1998 a janeiro de 2002, 2468 pacientes portadores de nódulos tireóideos foram encaminhados ao nosso serviço para realização de ultra-sonografia e punção aspirativa por agulha fina guiada pelo ultra-som (US-PAAF). De 1039 nódulos considerados benignos ao ultra-som, 998 (96,05 por cento) também apresentaram citologia benigna, 37 (3,6 por cento) tiveram citologia suspeita e somente 4 (0,4 por cento) tiveram citologia maligna. De 153 nódulos considerados suspeitos ao ultra-som, 20 (13,1 por cento) tiveram citologia suspeita e 88 (57,5 por cento) tiveram citologia maligna. Dos 71 nódulos suspeitos ao ultra-som submetidos à cirurgia, 67 (94,3 por cento) tiveram diagnóstico anatomopatológico maligno. Já, dos 58 nódulos considerados benignos, 56 (96,6 por cento) tiveram diagnóstico anatomopatológico benigno. Concluímos que a US-PAAF deve ser realizada em nódulos classificados como indeterminados ou suspeitos ao ultra-som. Nódulos classificados como benignos podem ser acompanhados periodicamente.

Thyroid nodules in Graves' disease: implications in an endemically iodine deficient area.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The presence of thyroid nodules with Graves' disease raises concern about co-existent thyroid malignancy. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of thyroid carcinoma and the need for surgical intervention in, patients with Graves' disease with co-existent nodules in an endemically iodine deficient area (IDA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 130 surgically managed patients of Graves' disease (1990-1999). Out of these 35 (26.9%) cases had palpable nodules. No patient had history of previous head and neck irradiation or radioiodine therapy. The clinico-pathological findings and follow-up of these cases were noted. RESULTS: Mean age of patients with nodules was 40.2 +/- 9.5 years and male to female ratio was 1:2.2. The overall incidence of thyroid carcinoma in Graves' disease was 6.2% (8/130 cases), while the incidence, in cases having nodule with Graves' disease was 17.1% (6/35 cases). The median age of patients with carcinoma was 45 years (5 women and 1 man). Besides laboratory investigations for hyperthyroidism, preoperative investigations included fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and thyroid scintigraphy in 29 and 25 cases respectively. Incidence of malignancy in palpable cold nodules was 20%. FNAC could not predict malignancy with certainty in any of these cases. Five patients had papillary thyroid carcinoma while one had follicular carcinoma. Median tumour diameter was 10 mm. Tumour was multi-centric in two cases while one case had metastases to cervical lymph node. In follow-up (median =5.5 years) one patient died of unrelated cause, while rest are alive with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Nodules are frequently associated with Graves' disease in IDA. Incidence of carcinoma is high in palpable cold nodule. We recommend early thyroidectomy in these cases.

Punçäo aspirativa por agulha fina de nódulos tiróideos: revisäo da literatura com ênfase à punçäo orientada por ultra-sonografia / Aspiration puncture with fine needle of thyroid nodes: literature review with emphasis in punction guided by ultrasound

A punção aspirativa por agulha fina de nódulos tiróideos tem sido proposta como método de triagem pré-operatória para se reduzir o número de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia desnecessária. Alguns autores têm relatado alta acurácia e boa relação custo-benefício deste método para identificação de câncer em pacientes com lesões clinicamente palpáveis. Entretanto, este método apresenta algumas limitações quando os nódulos a serem examinados são pequenos ou de difícil acesso à palpação. O advento da ultra-sonografia de alta resolução tem revolucionado o diagnóstico dos nódulos tiróideos, sobretudo nesses casos. Talvez o maior avanço da ultra-sonografia seja a habilidade para orientar a biópsia por agulha fina. Vários estudos têm demonstrado que a análise combinada das características citológicas e aspectos morfológicos dos nódulos tiróideos palpáveis e não-palpáveis, proporcionada por essa técnica, melhora o diagnóstico preoperatório destas lesões.

Prevalência de bócio e nódulos tireoidianos detectados através de ultra-som em populaçäo com mais de 50 anos / Prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules detected by of ultrasound in population over 50 years old

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a prevalência de bócio e nódulos em uma populaçäo com mais de 50 anos, comparando-a com grupo controle composto pelos filhos. Para isso, foram avaliados 101 indivíduos (19M / 82F) com idades entre 51 e 85 anos e 65 filhos (18M / 47F)com idades entre 14 e 50 anos. Utilizamos o ultra-som para diagnóstico de bócio e nódulos, mas foi feita, também, avaliaçäo clínica com palpaçäo da tireóide. A prevalência de bócio e nódulos foi maior nos indivíduos com mais e 50 anos (15,8 por cento e 18,8 por cento, respectivamente), do que nos filhos (3,1 por cento e 7,7 por cento, respectivamente) Näo observamos correlaçäo entre volume tiroideano e idade. A palpaçäo da tiróide se mostrou pouco sensível para detecçäo de bócio e nódulos, mas com alta especificidade. Concluímos que a prevalência de bócio e nódulos é maior na populaçäo com mais de 50 anos, embora sem correlaçäo entre volume tiroideano e idade. O ultra-som se mostrou melhor que a palpaçäo isoladamente, na detecçäo de alteraçöes do volume e presença de nódulos tiroideanos.

Prevalência de nódulos de tireóide detectados por ecografia em mulheres após os 40 anos / Prevalence of thyroid nodules in 40 years-old or old women

Nódulos de tireóide säo uma condiçäo clínica comum e em seu diagnóstico diferencial inclui-se o câncer de tireóide. Como o câncer de tireóide é raro, é importante conhecer a prevalência de nódulos de tireóide em grupos fortemente pre-dispostos para dimensionar seu impacto e adequar estratégias diagnósticas. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de nódulos de tireóide diagnosticados por ecografia em mulheres na maturidade. MÉTODOS: Entre agosto de 1996 e dezembro de 1997 foram avaliadas, de forma consecutiva, pacientes do sexo feminino com idade de 40 anos ou mais que realizavam ecografia no Serviço de Radiologia do HCPA...